Maternal Breastfeeding Self-efficacy Research Articles

MHealth interventions to improve self efficacy and exclusive breastfeeding: a scoping review

Background/AimsThe exclusive breastfeeding rate in developed and developing countries is low, and is significantly affected by maternal breastfeeding self-efficacy. Mobile health (mHealth, using mobile devices to carry out public health interventions) may help increase self-efficacy and exclusive breastfeeding. The aim of this study was to explore the existing literature on mHealth interventions to increase self-efficacy and exclusive breastfeeding.MethodsThis scoping review included an electronic search of PubMed, Science Direct, ProQuest, Google Scholar and IJSR. Randomised controlled trials and quasi-experimental studies published in English between 2014 and 2023 about breastfeeding self-efficacy and exclusive breastfeeding were screened for eligibility.ResultsOverall, 12 studies were included. Thematic analysis showed that primary interventions were delivered using smartphone applications such as WhatsApp, Telegram or video, and most participants were women with infants of normal birth weight.ConclusionsDelivering breastfeeding education using mHealth may increase self-efficacy and exclusive breastfeeding. Further research is needed to assess the effects of mHealth on breastfeeding self-efficacy and exclusive breastfeeding among women with infants who have health conditions, such as those born preterm or of low birth weight.

Breastfeeding support provided by lactation consultants in high-income countries for improved breastfeeding rates, self-efficacy, and infant growth: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol

BackgroundIt is well established that breast milk offers numerous health benefits for mother and child. Mothers are recommended to exclusively breastfeed their child until 6 months of age, with continued breastfeeding up to 1–2 years of age or beyond. Yet, these recommendations are met less than half of the time in high-income countries. Lactation consultants specialize in supporting mothers with breastfeeding and are a promising approach to improving breastfeeding rates. For lactation consultant interventions to be implemented widely as part of public health policy, a better understanding of their effect on breastfeeding rates and important health outcomes is needed.MethodsThe overall aim of this systematic review is to evaluate the effect of lactation consultant interventions provided to women, compared to usual care, on breastfeeding rates (primary outcome), maternal breastfeeding self-efficacy, and infant growth. A search strategy has been developed to identify randomized controlled trials published in any language between 1985 and April 2023 in CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Scopus, and Web of Science. We will also perform a search of the grey literature and reference lists of relevant studies and reviews. Two reviewers will independently extract data on study design, baseline characteristics, details of the interventions employed, and primary and secondary outcomes using a pre-piloted standardized data extraction form. Risk of bias and quality of evidence assessment will be done independently and in duplicate using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool and GRADE approach, respectively. Where possible, meta-analysis using random-effects models will be performed, otherwise a qualitative summary will be provided. We will adhere to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines.DiscussionThis review will fill an important gap in the lactation support literature. The findings will be of importance to policymakers who seek to implement interventions to improve breastfeeding rates.Trial registrationThis review has been registered in the PROSPERO database (ID: CRD42022326597).

Factors that Determine the Self-Efficacy of The Maternal Care in Postpartum Women: Data for Future Memory

The birth of a child demands the provision of care. Mothers have different levels of safety or confidence when it comes to caring, which reveals the perception of self-efficacy. Our aim is to register, for future memory, the factors associated with self-efficacy in maternal care. Quantitative and cross-sectional study. It explores sociodemographic factors, factors related to the pregnancy and labor history, the newborn's characteristics, and related care environment with self-efficacy in maternal care. The study population included postpartum women from two Turkish maternity hospitals, in convenient sampling, with a response rate of 93,4%. Prudent ethical principles. The criterion variable was observed through the Perceived Maternal Parenting Self-Efficacy (PMP S-E). The statistical analysis was carried out on the SPSS software. The participants had an average age of 27.81(DP=5.13), the majority were married (95.9%) and for 40.1% this was their first child. The majority of labors were vaginal (52.4%). When it comes to the criterion variable, about 70% had a high perception regarding self-efficacy in maternal care. The univariate analysis revealed eight variables, included in the logistic regression: maternal age (p=.050), number of children (p<.001), number of prenatal appointments (p=.006), time that elapsed between the birth and the first episode of breastfeeding (p=.047), maternal safety while breastfeeding (p<.001), type of food given to the newborn p=.011), midwife support for exclusive maternal breastfeeding (p<.001) and maternal breastfeeding self-efficacy (p<.001). In the binary logistic regression, the best predictors of self-efficacy in maternal care were: midwife support for exclusive maternal breastfeeding (OR=1.092; B=0,088) and the self-efficacy in the maternal breastfeeding (OR=13.187; B=2.579). When it comes to maternal breastfeeding, both from the perspective of self-efficacy and the support offered by professionals, are the most relevant factors in the perception of maternal skills recognized by mothers. This study fills an information gap about the phenomenon, looking at it in retrospect.

Pre and Postnatal Education: Ensuring Healthy Infant Feeding Practices and Preventing Malnutrition

Malnutrition – which includes undernutrition and overnutrition – remains under-recognized and under-treated globally in children under five years old: 149 million of these children are stunted, 45 million are wasted, and 38.9 are overweight or obese.1,2 Undernutrition is linked to a mortality rate of 45% in these children.3 Undernourished children experience short-term and long-term consequences: delayed physical development, lowered intellectual quotient development, multiple behavioral problems, deficient social skills, and higher susceptibility to diseases.4,5 The reverse is also concerning; infants who gain weight rapidly during early infancy are at risk for childhood obesity and adult metabolic disease.6
 A child’s weight – from birth up to the age of 5 – is largely influenced by their birth weight:6 Infants with low birth weight (15–20% of newborns worldwide7 ) are at higher risk of being malnourished later on.8 Birth weight is also influenced by maternal characteristics: education, nutrition, breastfeeding duration, use of prenatal services,9 postnatal depression, and maternal eating habits.6
 We must help mothers realize the impact of their own health and nutrition on their infants;10 the impact of breastfeeding on weight gain;11 and the link between this weight gain and overall infant health. Many mothers introduce milk formula, fluids, and solid foods before six months 12 despite the WHO recommendations (exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months, and continuation for up to 2 years 13). Maternal self-efficacy in breastfeeding and infant care play a role in the continuation of breastfeeding up to the prescribed period.14
 The prenatal period provides the best opportunity to talk to mothers, assess their needs for informational support, and equip them with the knowledge necessary for promoting breastfeeding and correct infant care. Prenatal education was found to have a significant effect on the nutritional status of infants four months after birth.15
 Postnatal check-ups allow assessment of mothers and infants; these tend to focus on well-baby check-ups and vaccinations. Health workers may miss other problems – specifically those related to breastfeeding – when mothers lack knowledge or the opportunity to bring them up. Health workers must provide enough time and an appropriate venue to explore deficits in the quality of infant care.
 We emphasize continuous informational and social support throughout the perinatal period to promote healthy feeding and infant care; these prevent malnutrition and complications in later development.
  
 Floreliz V. Ngaya-an, PhD, RN Graduate Program Coordinator and Faculty College of Nursing, University of the Philippines Manila
  
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 Kandala N, Madungu TP, Emina JB, Nzita KP, Cappuccio FP. Malnutrition among children under the age of five in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC): does geographic location matter? BMC Public Health. 2011; 11(1):261-0. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-261
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 Rahman MS, Howlader T, Masud MS, & Rahman ML. Association of low-birth weight with malnutrition in children under five years in Bangladesh: do mother’s education, socio-economic status, and birth interval matter? PloS One. 2016; 11(6):e0157814. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0157814
 World Health Organization. Global nutrition targets 2025: low birth weight policy brief [Internet]. 2014. [cited 2022 May]. Available from https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-NMH-NHD-14.5
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 Tamiru D, Belachew T, Loha E, Mohammed S. Sub-optimal breastfeeding of infants during the first six months and associated factors in rural communities of Jimma Arjo Woreda, Southwest Ethiopia. BMC Public Health. 2012; 12(1). doi:10.1186/1471-2458-12-363
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 Gonzales AM. Breastfeeding self-efficacy of early postpartum mothers in an urban municipality in the Philippines. Asian/Pacific Island Nursing Journal. 2020; 4(4):135-43. doi.org/10.31372/20190404.1023
 Ortiz-Félix RE, Cárdenas-Villarreal VM, Miranda-Félix PE, & Guevara-Valtier MC. Impact of a prenatal education intervention in pregnant women to prevent overweight in infants. Impacto de una intervención de educación prenatal en mujeres embarazadas para prevenir el sobrepeso en lactantes. Gaceta medica de Mexico. 2021; 157(1):3-9. https://doi.org/10.24875/GMM.M21000529

Evaluation of the Effects of Skin-to-Skin Contact on Newborn Sucking, and Breastfeeding Abilities: A Quasi-Experimental Study Design.

Mother and newborn skin-to-skin contact (SSC) after birth has numerous protective effects. Although positive associations between SSC and breastfeeding behavior have been reported, the evidence for such associations between early SSC and breastfeeding success was limited in high-income countries. This quasi-experimental intervention design study aimed to evaluate the impact of different SSC regimens on newborn breastfeeding outcomes in Taiwan. In total, 104 healthy mother–infant dyads (52 in the intervention group and 52 in the control group) with normal vaginal delivery were enrolled from 1 January to 30 July 2019. The intervention group received 60 min of immediate SSC, whereas the control group received routine care (early SSC with 20 min duration). Breastfeeding performance was evaluated by the IBFAT and BSES-Short Form. Generalized estimating equations (GEEs) were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention. In the intervention group, the breastfeeding ability of newborns increased significantly after 5 min of SSC and after SSC. The intervention also improved the total score for breastfeeding self-efficacy (0.18 point; p = 0.003). GEE analysis revealed that the interaction between group and time was significant (0.65 point; p = 0.003). An initial immediate SSC regimen of 60 min can significantly improve neonatal breastfeeding ability and maternal breastfeeding self-efficacy in the short term after birth.

Exclusive Breastfeeding Experiences of Thai Mothers in Metropolitan Bangkok.

IntroductionIn 2019, only 14% of mothers in Thailand performed six-month exclusive breastfeeding. This study sought to understand the pathways that mothers in Bangkok Metropolitan took to achieve successful six-month exclusive breastfeeding.MethodsA total of 50 mothers living in Bangkok with children aged 6–12 months, who achieved and not achieved 6-month exclusive breastfeeding, were recruited for in-depth interviews during February to July 2020. Inductive thematic analysis of participants’ viewpoints was applied for data analysis and interpretation.ResultsFour themes that contributed to six-month exclusive breastfeeding were i)  maternal breastfeeding self-efficacy;  ii)  support provided by family members;  iii)  engagement with and support from healthcare professionals; and iv)  employers’ support and workplace environments. Mothers with strong breastfeeding intentions and “perceived capability” to succeed at breastfeeding tended to prioritize breastfeeding and overcome and cope well with unforeseen breastfeeding challenges. Supportive family members, who were convinced of the benefits of breastfeeding, engaged in maternal decision-making, and provided optimal support, contributed to successful exclusive breastfeeding. Health professionals were key in supporting mothers throughout pregnancy until the postpartum period. Lactating-mother-friendly working conditions, flexible working hours and enabling workplace environments, including the provision of breastfeeding breaks and a dedicate space for breast milk expression, were enabling factors for successful exclusive breastfeeding among working mothers.ConclusionWe recommend that all mothers and their family members are fully informed and convinced of the benefit from breastfeeding and trained with practical skill during their visit to antenatal care clinics. These interventions aim to develop mothers’ self-efficacy for breastfeeding and to prepare them to manage common breastfeeding challenges. Health professionals should provide regular follow-up and counseling sessions on breastfeeding practices to mothers and families throughout the lactating period, especially working mothers for breastfeeding continuation after resume to work. Enhanced societal collective actions such as breastfeeding-friendly policy in workplace, including breastfeeding break-time and corner, can create enabling environments for successful exclusive breastfeeding.

An Intervention Program Based on Regular Home Visits for Improving Maternal Breastfeeding Self-efficacy: A Pilot Study in Portugal.

In this pilot study, the breastfeed care plus intervention program was implemented to support women and their families in breastfeeding success. Primary interests were women's self-efficacy in breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding. A pilot study was developed in the region of Aveiro-Portugal in two Family Health Units. The experimental and control groups consisted of sixteen women each, initially. Four home visits with assessment and guidance focused on breastfeeding support aimed at women and families were delivered in the experimental group, while the control group received conventional care. Both groups were followed between the 5th and the 120th day postpartum and were subjected to three evaluation moments. On the 120th day postpartum, eleven women completed the BCP intervention program (three women stopped breastfeeding), and nine women received conventional care (seven women stopped breastfeeding). Both interventions proved to be effective in improving the 'perception of breastfeeding self-efficacy,' with higher scores being found in the experimental group (p < 0.001). The proportion of exclusive breastfeeding was also higher in the experimental group. The BCP intervention program, during the first 120days postpartum, showed promissory results in improving 'perception of breastfeeding self-efficacy' compared to conventional care, favoring breastfeeding duration and exclusivity, and cumulative breastfeeding competence of women/families.

Prevalence and multivariable predictors of breastfeeding outcomes in the United Arab Emirates: a prospective cohort study

BackgroundDespite considerable policy actions at the national and hospital levels, rates of breastfeeding in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region remain below the global average. There is a need to explore the modifiable factors of breastfeeding such as maternal breastfeeding self-efficacy (BSE), support, and mental health among women in this region to guide interventions in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The aim of this study was to examine the maternal predictors of any and exclusive breastfeeding in a cohort of Emirati and expatriate women residing in the UAE with a specific focus on modifiable factors.MethodsUsing a prospective cohort design, Emirati and expatriate women were recruited in the immediate postpartum period (N = 374) and followed at three and 6 months postpartum between February 2018 and July 2019. Questionnaires with validated tools were used to collect information on sociodemographic characteristics, breastfeeding practices, BSE, postnatal depression, and anxiety. The main outcomes in the study were Any Breastfeeding and exclusivity practices, which were assessed at three and 6 months postpartum by asking the mother about her breastfeeding behaviour during the past 7 days. Multilevel, multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate the association of different variables with breastfeeding outcomes.ResultsAlmost all women reported initiating breastfeeding during their stay at the hospital (n = 357), while only 263 (70.3%) initiated breastfeeding within the first hour of delivery. At 6 months postpartum, 301 (81.5%) women continued to breastfeed of whom 100 (26.7%) were doing so exclusively. Older mothers who initiated breastfeeding within 1 h of birth and were satisfied with the breastfeeding support they received from family and friends had significantly greater odds of any breastfeeding at 6 months. Whereas a clinically significant Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) score, low BSE score as well as employment outside the home were associated with significantly lower odds of exclusive breastfeeding and any breastfeeding at 6 months postpartum.ConclusionThis study highlights the need to develop effective education strategies and support programs targeting these modifiable variables to improve breastfeeding outcomes among women in the UAE.

Factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding practice among mothers in nine community health centres in Nanning city, China: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundThe prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) is suboptimal in China. There is limited evidence of effective interventions to increase EBF in China. Therefore, it is urgent to explore the potential factors that may be effective in promoting exclusive breastfeeding. Previous studies have mainly focused on socio-demographic factors and the Han ethnic group. This study explores more modifiable influencing factors of EBF in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region of China.MethodsThe cross-sectional data used in this study were collected to provide baseline information on EBF prevalence for a breastfeeding promotion project. A total of 494 mothers of infants aged 0–5 months were recruited from nine community health centres in Nanning, China, in October 2019. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using structured questionnaires. Infant feeding was measured by 24-h recall. The Chinese version of the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale–Short Form was used to examine the maternal breastfeeding self-efficacy. Univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to examine the factors associated with EBF practices.ResultsIn the present study, the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding was 37.0%. Higher breastfeeding self-efficacy scores (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.93; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.25, 2.98), a college degree or above (AOR 2.15; 95% CI 1.24, 3.71), and early initiation of breastfeeding (AOR 2.06; 95% CI 1.29, 3.29) were positively associated with EBF practice. However, the preparation for infant formula before childbirth (AOR 0.30; 95% CI 0.17, 0.52) and premature birth (AOR 0.30; 95% CI 0.10, 0.87) were negatively associated with EBF practice.ConclusionsExclusive breastfeeding practice was suboptimal and associated with various factors in the study area. The prevalence of EBF was positively associated with higher breastfeeding self-efficacy, education level of mothers, and early initiation of breastfeeding, whereas premature birth and preparation for infant formula before childbirth were barriers to exclusive breastfeeding. Future intervention projects should target mothers with premature babies, lower levels of education, and breastfeeding self-efficacy. Breastfeeding-friendly practices, such as the early initiation of breastfeeding and regulations on breastmilk substitutes, should also be encouraged.

The effect of maternal functional and postpartum depression status on breastfeeding self-efficacy of the mothers: A cross-sectional study

In this study, the researchers investigated the effect of maternal functioning and postpartum depression status on breastfeeding self-efficacy of mothers. The study was conducted with 254 mothers with babies aged 2-6 months old. The total mean scores of the mothers were found to be 57.201 ± 7.612 on the breastfeeding self-efficacy scale, 8.516 ± 5.304 on the postpartum depression scale, and 74.055 ± 11.738 on the maternal functioning scale. 21.3% of mothers had a risk of postpartum depression. A negative relationship was found between breastfeeding self-efficacy and postpartum depression scores (p < 0.001), and a positive relationship was seen between breastfeeding self-efficacy and maternal functioning scores (p < 0.001). Maternal functioning and postpartum depression status were found to have a cumulative effect of 31.5% on maternal breastfeeding self-efficacy (F = 59.086 R2=0.315).

Impact of a Face-To-Face Versus Smartphone App Versus Combined Breastfeeding Intervention Targeting Fathers: Randomized Controlled Trial.

BackgroundDespite the recognized health and economic benefits of exclusive breastfeeding, few Australian infants are exclusively breastfed beyond 5 months of age. Social support for breastfeeding, in particular the support of an infant’s father, has been identified as a crucial element for successful breastfeeding.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of various father-focused breastfeeding interventions in terms of key infant feeding outcomes.MethodsThe study was a 4-arm, factorial, randomized controlled trial conducted in Perth, Australia. The trial arms included a control group and 3 interventions, consisting of a face-to-face father-focused antenatal breastfeeding class facilitated by a male peer facilitator; Milk Man, a breastfeeding smartphone app designed specifically for fathers; and a combination of both interventions. Expecting couples were recruited from hospital-based antenatal classes and block randomized to 1 of the 4 arms. Each partner completed surveys at recruitment and at 6 weeks and 26 weeks postpartum. Primary outcomes were duration of exclusive and any breastfeeding. Secondary outcomes included age of introduction of formula and complementary foods, maternal breastfeeding self-efficacy, and partner postpartum support.ResultsA total of 1426 couples were recruited from public (443/1426, 31.1%) and private (983/1426, 68.9%) hospitals. Of these, 76.6% (1092/1426) of fathers completed the baseline questionnaire, 58.6% (836/1426) completed the 6-week follow-up questionnaire, and 49.2% (702/1426) completed the 26-week follow-up questionnaire. The average age of fathers who completed the baseline questionnaire was 33.6 (SD 5.2) years; the majority were born in Australia (76.4%) and had attended university (61.8%). There were no significant differences between the control and any of the intervention groups in any of the infant feeding outcomes or level of breastfeeding self-efficacy and postpartum partner support reported by mothers.ConclusionsThis study did not demonstrate that any intervention was superior to another or that any intervention was inferior to the standard care delivered in routine antenatal classes. Further studies are needed to test the effectiveness of these interventions in more socioeconomically diverse populations that are likely to benefit most from additional partner supports.Trial RegistrationAustralian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12614000605695; https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?ACTRN=12614000605695International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)RR2-10.1186/s12884-015-0601-5

Anxiety and its influence on maternal breastfeeding self-efficacy.

Objective:to identify the levels of anxiety and breastfeeding self-efficacy in puerperal women at the intervals of 60, 120, and 180 days postpartum; and to verify the influence of anxiety on breastfeeding self-efficacy among these puerperal women.Method:an analytical, longitudinal and prospective study, conducted with 186 puerperal women, and which used a sociodemographic and obstetric characterization questionnaire, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale - Short Form. The analyses were performed by means of descriptive statistics, and Fisher’s Exact Test was used.Results:most of the puerperal women presented low levels of trait anxiety (55.4%) and of state anxiety (66.2% at 60 days, 72.8% at 120 days, and 75.5% at 180 days), and a high level of self-efficacy (77.3% at 60 days, 75.3% at 120 days, and 72.1% at 180 days of puerperium). Low levels of trait anxiety and state anxiety were associated with high self-efficacy at 60 days (p=0.0142 and p=0.0159, respectively).Conclusion:it is necessary to pay greater attention to the mental health of puerperal women, considering that those who presented low levels of anxiety had higher levels of self-efficacy, a situation that can result in longer exclusive breastfeeding.

Improvement of the breastfeeding self-efficacy and postpartum mental health after lactation consultations – Observational study

Objective: Maternal self-efficacy in breastfeeding may be undermined by common mental health difficulties in the postpartum, leading to an early breastfeeding cessation. The relationship may also be the opposite: problems with effective breastfeeding and breastfeeding cessation may increase the postpartum mental health difficulties. The purpose of this study was the assessment of the effectiveness of lactation consultations in strengthening the breastfeeding self-efficacy and maternal postpartum mental health.Design and participants: 160 Polish women (90 consultation participants and 70 controls) completed a structured interview, the General Health Questionnaire, and the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale twice: before lactation consultation and one month later.Setting: Research was conducted in the city of Gdańsk, Poland.Findings: Study revealed that women seeking lactation support exhibited greater mental health difficulties while their breastfeeding self-efficacy was similar to the control group. Initial breastfeeding self-efficacy was negatively correlated with the severity of the postpartum mental health problems. One month after lactation consultations, a significant increase in the breastfeeding self-efficacy and significantly reduced symptoms of mental health difficulties (somatic symptoms, functional disorders, and anxiety and insomnia) were observed among mothers.Key conclusions: Women willing to benefit from the lactation consultations may exhibit symptoms of mental health difficulties that may be associated with difficulties in breastfeeding. Strengthening the breastfeeding confidence during lactation consultations, may reflect in the improvement of the woman's mental health.Implications for practice: Midwives and lactation consultants can make a difference in the mental health promotion by offering breastfeeding interventions which address the emotional needs of a mother.

The relationship between perceived milk supply and exclusive breastfeeding during the first six months postpartum: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundPerceived milk supply is an important modifiable factor for optimal breastfeeding. However, little is known about maternal perception of milk supply or how it impacts breastfeeding practices. The aim of this study was to examine relationships of perceived milk supply, maternal breastfeeding self-efficacy, and skin-to-skin contact with early initiation and exclusive breastfeeding among mothers of infants less than 6 months of age in Indonesia.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study conducted in Yogyakarta City, Indonesia between August and October 2015. Maternal perception of milk supply was assessed using the Hill and Humenick Lactation Scale. Data on breastfeeding practices, and maternal and infant factors were collected using a structured questionnaire. Multiple regression and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to obtain estimates of associations.ResultsThirty four percent of mothers had initiated breastfeeding within an hour after birth, and 62.4% of mothers were exclusively breastfeeding. High levels of perceived breast milk supply were reported in mothers who practiced skin-to-skin contact or rooming-in with their infants, experienced positive infant sucking behavior, or had high breastfeeding self-efficacy (p < 0.05). Mothers with a higher level of perceived milk production (Odds Ratio [OR] 3.20; 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 1.76, 5.83) or practicing skin-to-skin contact (OR 2.36; 95% CI 1.13, 4.91) were more likely to exclusively breastfeed, while employed mothers were less likely to breastfeed their infants exclusively (OR 0.47; 95% CI 0.24, 0.93).ConclusionsIn this study, skin-to-skin contact and breastfeeding self-efficacy are important determinants of perceived milk supply. Higher perception of milk supply was positively linked with exclusive breastfeeding. Our study highlights the importance of the assessment for mother’s perception of milk supply, maternal breastfeeding self-efficacy, and skin-to-skin contact in achieving optimal breastfeeding outcomes.

Corelation Between Husband’s Support With Maternal Self-Efficacy in Pekanbaru

The importance of breastfeeding for the health of mothers and children has been accepted by people all over the world. Based on data from the Pekanbaru City Health Office (2016), the coverage of exclusive breastfeeding in Pekanbaru was 50.70%, below the national target of 80% and in the Umban Sari Health Center was only 39.22%. Some studies stated that self-efficacy and husband's engagement during the breastfeeding process support the successful of breastfeeding. The purpose of this study is to determine the correlation between husband's support and maternal self-efficacy in breastfeeding. This is a non-experimental research with correlational type. The study was conducted at the Umban Sari Health Center in January to September 2019. The data was collected by using primary data by self-reported questionnaire, processed by editing, coding, entry, cleaning processing, and then analyzed by regression correlation test. The results showed that there is a strong correlation between emotional (r = 0.63), informational (r = 0.56), appraisal (r = 0.53) support with maternal self-efficacy in breastfeeding, but moderate correlation for instrumental support (r = 0.47). By these results, it is suggested that the breastfeeding class program in the prenatal by involving husband needs to be held

Does breastfeeding self-efficacy theory apply to mothers of moderate and late preterm infants? A qualitative exploration.

Breastmilk feeding reduces morbidities and improves outcomes related to prematurity. However, breastmilk feeding rates in preterm infants are substantially lower than those in term infants. Breastfeeding self-efficacy theory is a social change theory, which is predictive of exclusive breastmilk feeding at 2months postpartum in mothers of full-term infants. However, this theory has not been well explored in mothers of moderate and late preterm infants. To explore maternal experiences with feeding moderate (320/7 - 336/7 weeks' gestational age) and late preterm infants (340/7 - 366/7 weeks' GA) in neonatal intensive care units and assess applicability of breastfeeding self-efficacy theory. We conducted a qualitative descriptive exploration of maternal experiences with infant feeding in neonatal intensive care units. Using purposive, maximum variation sampling, we selected mothers of preterm infants born at 320/7 - 346/7 weeks, who experienced high mean differences in their BSE scores between admission and discharge. Fourteen mothers participated in semi-structured telephone interviews. Data were examined using thematic analysis. To explore and describe breastfeeding self-efficacy within the context of neonatal intensive care units, we super-imposed the four sources of information from breastfeeding self-efficacy theory onto the defined themes. Three main themes emerged: (a) institutional influences, (b) relationship with the pump and (c) establishing breastfeeding, with an emphasis on the importance of direct breastfeeding at discharge. Overlaying the four sources of information from breastfeeding self-efficacy highlighted the presence of three sources of information: verbal persuasion, performance accomplishment and physiologic/affective responses. Vicarious experience was not identified in maternal experiences with infant feeding. Our findings indicate that breastfeeding self-efficacy is an applicable theory for mothers of preterm infants. Healthcare providers need to be aware of the influence that institutional culture and policies may have on maternal breastfeeding self-efficacy and breastfeeding outcomes.

Correlations among subjective well-being, breast-feeding self-efficacy, maternal role adaptation in puerpera after cesarean section

Objective To investigate the breast-feeding, role conversion and subjective well-being among puerpera after cesarean section, and to explore the correlations among them. Methods From January to April 2018, we selected puerpera after cesarean section at Shanghai Pudong New District Zhoupu Hospital by cluster sampling to implement investigation with questionnaires. All of the puerpera were investigated with the general information questionnaire, Subjective Well-Being (SWB) , Mother Role Adaptation Questionnaire (MRAQ) , Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form (BSES-SF) 42 days after delivery. Finally, the data analysis was carried out based on investigation results. A total of 177 questionnaires were distributed in this study, and 174 valid questionnaires were returned. The effective rate of the questionnaire was 98.31%. Results Among 174 puerpera after cesarean section, the total score and the item average score of SWB were (68.59±10.34) and (3.61±1.11) respectively. The total score and the item average score of MRAQ were (49.75±7.71) and (3.21±1.24) respectively. The total score and the item average score of BSES-SF were (51.42±7.27) and (3.73±1.09) respectively; the dimension scores from high to low were the inner and skill dimension. Among those puerpera after cesarean section, the overall life satisfaction, positively affective frequency and the total score of SWB had positive correlations with the total score of maternal role adaptation and dimension scores of breast-feeding self-efficacy with statistical differences (P<0.05) . SWB was the mediate variable between maternal role adaptation and breast-feeding self-efficacy with 0.117 for the mediate effect value and 15.98% for the mediate effect rate. Conclusions Breast-feeding self-efficacy has correlations with the maternal role adaptation and SWB, and the SWB plays a mediate variable role. Therefore, promotion of SWB and maternal role adaptation among puerpera after cesarean section can significantly improve their breast-feeding self-efficacy which has significant effect on increasing the rate of breast-feeding. Key words: Cesarean section; Maternity; Subjective well-being; Breast feeding; Maternal role conversion; Correlations

Maternal breastfeeding self-efficacy during the first week and sixth week postpartum

Maternal breastfeeding self-efficacy during the first week and sixth week postpartum

Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy as a Predictor of Exclusive Breastfeeding: A Clinical Trial

Background: breastfeeding (EBF) is globally promoted as the ideal method of infant feeding during the first six months of life due to its health benefits to both the mother and child (1). The aim of this study was to examine the effect of the interventions leading to increased awareness, knowledge, and self-efficacy regarding exclusive breastfeeding and duration of breastfeeding. Methods: This clinical trial was conducted on 129 pregnant women before the gestational age of 21 weeks and 6 days referring to Vali-e-Asr Hospital in Tehran, Iran. The study population was selected using the convenience sampling method. The participants were randomly assigned into two groups of intervention (n=64) and control (n=65). The mothers in the intervention group received one training session on breastfeeding self-efficacy, as well as training and audio packages regarding postpartum care and relationship with neonates. In addition, the women who suffered from anxiety, stress, or depression were provided with psychotherapies. The data collection instruments included the Self-Efficacy Scale, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, and Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Results: Exclusive breastfeeding was higher in the intervention group than in the control group during the first six months postpartum (P=0.015). The follow-up study showed that there were higher rates of breastfeeding for the two-year-old children in the intervention group (P<0.001). In addition, self-efficacy was associated with anxiety and depression. Conclusion: As the findings indicated, psychological intervention aimed at increasing self-efficacy had a significant impact on maternal breastfeeding self-efficacy and duration of breastfeeding.

Correlation between Infantile Colic and Maternal Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy, Breastfeeding Success and Breast Milk Amount

The study was conducted to determine the correlation between infantile colic and maternal breastfeeding self-efficacy, breastfeeding success and breast milk amount. This descriptive study included 154 mothers, with infants of age between 3 weeks and 6 months who were diagnosed with infantile colic and who were admitted to the paediatric outpatient clinics of a hospital located in northern Turkey. A negative correlation was found between 'parent-infant interaction + problem infant' and 'immature gastrointestinal system' subscales of the Infantile Colic Scale (ICS) and the total mean scores of mothers on the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale. In addition, correlation analysis showed a statistically significant negative correlation between mean scores of mothers in breastfeeding success and subscale and total mean scores of ICS. The breastfeeding self-efficacy and breastfeeding success is low in mothers of infants with infantile colic.